What is mobility as a service (MaaS)?

In response to the increasing availability of data and digital capability in transport, we are seeing new business models emerge that package different modes and services together into one mobile application or online platform to make the planning and payment of trips easier for people and businesses. Such innovation has been termed ‘Mobility as a Service’ (MaaS), which we have defined as ‘the integration of various modes of transport along with information and payment functions into a single mobility service’ Future of mobility: urban strategy, 2019.

MaaS platforms integrate and analyse data from multiple modes of transport, such as rail, bus, taxi and cycle hire, to offer choice in journey planning to consumers. This requires, for example, the ability for MaaS platform providers to access service timetabling data, along with the ability to purchase tickets digitally. Some existing digital products are also developing incrementally to incorporate MaaS elements. For example, Google Maps now enables users to locate nearby e-scooters. There are often commercial arrangements between platform providers and transport operators underpinning access to this information. Established MaaS schemes can be found in several cities worldwide including the Jelbi mobility app in Berlin and the Whim app in Helsinki.

Through better access to quality information to aid journey planning, MaaS has the potential to improve the user’s experience of the transport network, while also enabling more active and sustainable ways to travel. MaaS platforms can make journeys more convenient through streamlining planning and payment and allowing people to tailor journeys to their specific needs, which could encourage the use of sustainable modes of transport and empower more people to travel. By enabling multimodal journeys and integrating ticketing and payment, MaaS can also offer more cost-efficient journeys to users. The benefits of MaaS are expanded on in Government ambition for MaaS.

The role of the Department for Transport

New and emerging technologies are radically reshaping how people and goods move around. Changes in how we do business and how we travel bring opportunities for us to seize benefits such as cleaner, safer and quieter streets, and creating better places and communities to live in. The Department for Transport (DfT) is responding to these changes by preparing the UK for new technologies, supporting the transition to net zero, stimulating innovation and creating a world-leading future transport system that is safe, secure, and accessible to all.

In 2019, we published the Future of mobility: urban strategy in which we set out a principles-based approach to guide the government’s response to emerging transport technologies and services in our towns and cities. This strategy aims to help urban areas harness the benefits and opportunities of new transport innovation, such as MaaS, and proactively manage any challenges and potential risks. 

Our urban strategy principles provide a framework for how the government will achieve this.  We have also invested £92 million in four Future Transport Zones (FTZs), to support local leaders and industry to trial MaaS solutions and develop viable business models, which will lead to the creation of new services and commercial opportunities. In our forthcoming rural strategy, we will outline how MaaS can play a role in tackling rural mobility issues, improving connectivity and accessibility in these communities.

As part of DfT’s transport decarbonisation plan, which sets out the government’s commitments and the actions needed to decarbonise the entire transport system in the UK, we committed to consult on a MaaS code of practice. This consultation ran between 8 February 2022 and 3 May 2022. It sought views and evidence from all those with an interest in MaaS to understand how a code of practice might help to shape and support this emerging industry.

Why do we need a code of practice?

Developing MaaS is a complex undertaking. There are many technical and commercial challenges to overcome when designing a MaaS solution, alongside overlapping regulatory frameworks that create a challenging environment for MaaS to succeed. In addition, MaaS is still in its infancy worldwide, with testing and trialling taking place alongside small-scale deployments. From these trials, we are starting to understand the digital infrastructure needed for MaaS platforms to be deployed at larger scales, along with broader social behavioural changes to adjust to these new service offerings.

Now is an opportune time to take a voluntary, guidance-based approach through a code of practice to enable these platforms to emerge and mitigate any unintended consequences. A code of practice will enable us to support MaaS as it grows without introducing regulations at a time that could stifle innovation in this emerging industry. A code of practice will also provide an opportunity to gather further evidence in a structured manner to understand if and where regulation might need to be brought forward in the future.

Who is this code of practice for?

This code of practice provides a resource for organisations involved in MaaS schemes to navigate these challenges, making it easier for MaaS to thrive in the UK. It offers specific technical and regulatory advice, and guidance on the government ambition for MaaS, which will be most useful for MaaS platform providers, transport operators and local authorities. However, members of the public, legal advisors and other third parties involved in designing and deploying MaaS schemes may also find the content helpful.

Government ambition for MaaS

Government believes that MaaS has the potential to provide substantial benefits and cost savings for the travelling public. Better use of data and digital technologies can help improve the efficiency of the transport system, providing greater freedom and choice for how we travel around. Joining up different modes of transport can also improve the commercial viability of services and help them to reach more people.

Better transport connectivity can have other knock-on benefits for the public, such as greater access to healthcare and jobs, and helping to link up communities, particularly in rural and remote areas. Government would like to see the next generation of MaaS platforms go beyond transport, realising the social and economic benefits of better connecting people to the places they live and their local community by including information about local events and activities.

MaaS has the potential to help the UK meet its decarbonisation and net zero ambitions. MaaS can drive the UK towards these ambitions by building trust and confidence in innovative new technologies and ways to travel, such as an increased focus on shared transport, like car clubs and lift sharing, and micromobility modes like e-scooters. MaaS can help the travelling public make more sustainable choices by providing information on carbon emissions and enabling walking and cycling routes, in line with ambitions set out in the transport decarbonisation plan.

Government wants the UK to have a transport system that is accessible, inclusive and available to all segments of society. MaaS has the potential to make multimodal journeys easier for all users through the ability to tailor these journeys to individual preferences and needs. Government has set out ambitions for a transport system that is fit for all in the inclusive transport strategy and future of mobility urban strategy.

The intelligent mobility sector more widely is estimated to be a potential source of £4 billion gross value added (GVA) per annum for the UK by 2025^{[footnote 1]}. Government wants to position the UK at the forefront of this emerging industry and for home-grown MaaS platforms to thrive alongside encouraging inward investment into the UK MaaS market. Government will support the MaaS industry and enable MaaS platforms, transport operators and local authorities to develop a commercially viable product.

This code of practice is intended to support the MaaS industry as it emerges in the UK, by doing this government hopes to secure the benefits of MaaS for the UK’s transport system in a way that is aligned with the future of transport principles. It covers a range of issues government believes to be most important to ensuring a fair, accessible and innovation-friendly environment for MaaS to thrive. The code will be monitored and updated to ensure it continues to guide the development of the MaaS industry in the UK, now and in the future.

Summary of recommendations

Through public consultation, we have identified a range of issues within the MaaS ecosystem that this code of practice can support and shape. The following recommendations are informed by the views of the public, local authorities, transport operators and other private organisations.

Accessibility and inclusion

1. We recommend MaaS platform providers proactively identify and engage with users who have protected characteristics that may be adversely impacted by platform design choices.

2. We recommend MaaS platforms adhere to web content accessibility guidelines and incorporate accessibility features into their interface design, which could include screen reading features, optimised menus and buttons and features that help blind and visually impaired users interact with their device.

3. We recommend MaaS platform providers test accessibility features with a diverse range of users, including those from groups sharing protected characteristics, throughout the design process.

4. We recommend MaaS platforms consider accessibility needs when suggesting routes. For example, identifying wheelchair-accessible routes and stations, calculating step-free journeys by default and considering the needs of users with visual, audible and non-visible disabilities.

5. We recommend MaaS platforms, transport operators, local authorities, or any bodies responsible for processing data, take due consideration when handling special category data. Further protection or safeguarding processes should be considered for such data due to its sensitive nature.

6. We recommend MaaS platform providers use robust product testing processes and data practices to ensure the datasets used in journey planning algorithms are as representative as possible. And that the algorithms are tested regarding bias and effective governance is established.

7. We recommend MaaS schemes should consider the specific needs of users in rural areas where, for example, internet connectivity could be a barrier to accessing online journey planning.

8. We recommend community transport services should be integrated as far as possible into MaaS schemes.

9. We recommend MaaS platforms ensure users have access to different types of offline support if they need assistance with their journey, for example, if they need to request further information or seek compensation.

10. We recommend MaaS platforms provide information so that users can access physical support at stations.

11. We recommend that personal safety should be a key consideration for organisations developing MaaS solutions. The journey options presented in a MaaS platform should consider the needs of users disproportionately affected, such as children, older people and women, by offering safe and appropriate routes. For example, allowing the user to plan their journey to select main roads in their preferred routes and the ability to share their live location.

Enabling active and sustainable travel

12. We recommend MaaS platforms provide users with information about the carbon dioxide (CO2) savings that can be made by walking or cycling, so users can make informed choices about sustainable modes of transport. This information should be displayed to the user in an accessible and easy-to-understand format. We recommend organisations use the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) emission conversion factors to calculate emissions on a per person, per journey basis. Where other methods are used, we encourage organisations to show their workings.

13. We recommend MaaS platforms display the health benefits of active travel to users, for example by calculating the calories burned when walking or cycling.

14. We recommend MaaS platforms display active travel choices for routes offered, where appropriate, and ensure these options are clearly signposted to users. For users with accessibility needs, platforms should allow users to set their preferences for certain transport modes so that only appropriate journey options are displayed.

15. We recommend MaaS platforms offer transparency and give users meaningful control over the way in which results are presented to them and allow them to tailor these options to suit their needs and preferences. For example, allowing users to see all journey options, or allowing them to filter out certain travel modes.

16. We recommend MaaS platforms collate aggregated and anonymised journey information, to understand how customers are using their service and the ways in which improvements can be made, including encouraging users to make more sustainable travel choices.

Data considerations to facilitate MaaS

17. We recommend transport operators and MaaS platform providers make use of the wide range of published national and international standards that are available to support the delivery of mobility services. These formal standards are available through standard bodies such as the British Standards Institute (BSI) or open platforms. Such organisations can also facilitate the sharing of best practice and lessons learned from other organisations and countries that have already implemented MaaS successfully.

18. We recommend transport operators share the following types of data, under the Open Government License to improve service provision, user experience and encourage more sustainable ways to travel:

• data to assist journey planning including route, distance and time

• payment data including ticket price

• reservation data

• timetable data

• location data to help users track the progress of their journey

• data to show vehicle availability and location for ride-hailing services

• disruption data to help users reroute their journeys when necessary

• occupancy data to track the busyness of their journey

• accessibility data to enable disabled users to fully access MaaS services, for example, information about stations and interchanges with step-free access

• carbon emissions data to help users choose more sustainable journeys

• data of specific relevance to shared rental bike, e-bike and e-scooter schemes, such as live vehicle location and charge data, parking locations and rental cost

19. We recommend MaaS platform providers reciprocate data sharing where possible, for example, sharing anonymised passenger travel data to support transport operators’ planning and operations activities. MaaS platform providers sharing data in this way need to consider whether the data would be truly anonymised, meaning that data protection legislation would not apply. If the data was only pseudonymised then data protection legislation would apply to its processing.

20. We recommend MaaS platform providers and local authorities use the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) Data Sharing Code of Practice for further guidance. Specialised guidance is available for AI projects.

21. We recommend agreements are put in place to enable the secure sharing of relevant data between transport operators and platform providers. The ICO’s data sharing code of practice recommends data sharing agreements are put in place to ensure good practice and compliance with data protection legislation.

22. We recommend that MaaS platform providers, transport operators and local authorities work proactively to ensure the data they share is fully compliant with any data standards employed to ensure the user can access high-quality information about their journey. They should expect to be able to demonstrate how the information that they share is accurate and be responsive when users or other data consumers raise data quality concerns.

Multimodal ticketing

23. We recommend MaaS platform providers, transport operators and local authorities work collaboratively to offer a consistent ticketing experience that provides convenience and value for money for passengers.

24. We recommend MaaS platform providers have due consideration for emerging and future technologies that may affect the service they offer, in order that any future integrations can be easily adopted.

25. We recommend organisations deploying MaaS schemes should develop realistic plans to scale multimodal ticketing schemes, using iterative design processes to incorporate different modes of transport over time and learn from the experiences of other projects.

26. We recommend that conversations between MaaS platform providers, transport operators and local authorities begin as early as possible in the setting up of any MaaS scheme.

27. We recommend ticketing schemes offer transparent pricing structures to ensure all users can access the “best value fares” for their journey.

28. We recommend ticketing schemes can be tailored to individual requirements including those of different disabled passengers, take into account users with different protected characteristics in the design process, and those who may need concessionary fares.

Consumer protection

29. We recommend MaaS platform providers offer transparent and consistent information for multimodal journeys and set out points of contact for users upfront so they understand how they can provide feedback on their journey, claim for compensation for delays or cancellations or request a ticket refund, should they need to.

30. We recommend MaaS platforms make clear where a particular journey, mode, or operator is being promoted or prioritised owing to a prior commercial arrangement. This might be through a visual cue to users, for example, a “sponsored” or “promoted” tag.

31. We recommend that all organisations involved in a MaaS scheme ensure user’s personal data is processed in a manner that complies with data protection legislation.

32. We recommend that where data processing is likely to result in high risk to individuals, data controllers conduct a data protection impact assessment prior to the processing to assess such risks and identify potential mitigations.

Competition

33. We recommend local authorities, MaaS platform providers and transport operators ensure that any commercial agreements that are entered into promote fairness on pricing, avoid exclusivity of services and encourage data sharing to guard against any negative competition outcomes.

34. We recommend all possible public transport options and services available in the area to be shown in the MaaS app to avoid fragmentation of services across apps.

Accessibility and inclusion

Introduction

The Equality Act 2010 ensures that passengers with protected characteristics are not discriminated against when using public transport. The act includes the public sector equality duty, setting out requirements against a range of issues for public authorities. These are both covered in more detail in the legislation section below.

Our ambition, set out in the 2018 inclusive transport strategy, is that disabled people will have the same access to transport as any other user, meaning they can travel confidently, easily and without extra cost. By 2030, we envisage equal access for disabled people using the transport system, with assistance if physical infrastructure remains a barrier.

MaaS can tailor journeys to individual needs, taking away the barriers experienced by disabled passengers. MaaS can help by simplifying journey planning and making travel more integrated, safer and comfortable. By enabling multimodal journeys and integrating ticketing and payment, MaaS can offer more cost-efficient journeys to users and help more people to access jobs and services.

However, multimodal journeys planned and paid for through a MaaS platform could present challenges for users if, for example, they do not provide appropriate assistance for passengers transferring between modes. Disabled users may not feel comfortable booking a journey through a MaaS platform if they do not have confidence in its ability to meet their specific needs. It is imperative that multimodal journeys do not introduce new barriers for disabled passengers and that the needs of all users are considered when designing new systems and considering potential impacts of any change.

Legislation

Equality Act 2010

MaaS platform providers and transport operators must comply with the Equality Act 2010 which ensures passengers with protected characteristics are not discriminated against when using public transport. The 9 protected characteristics under section 4 of the act are defined as:

• age

• disability

• sex

• gender reassignment

• pregnancy and maternity

• race

• religion or belief

• sexual orientation

• marriage and civil partnership (only need to be considered in relation to the first aim of eliminating discrimination and only in relation to employment)

Further information on each protected characteristic can be found on the Equality and human rights website.

The public sector equality duty (PSED)

The act includes the public sector equality duty (PSED), which is laid out under section 149. The PSED requires public authorities to have due regard to the need to:

• eliminate discrimination, harassment, victimisation and any other conduct that is prohibited by or under the act

• advance equality of opportunity between persons who share a relevant protected characteristic (see below) and persons who do not share it, which means having due regard to the need to:

  • remove or minimise disadvantages suffered by persons who share a relevant protected characteristic

  • take steps to meet the needs of persons who share a protected characteristic that are different from the needs of persons who do not share it, and this includes particular steps to take account of disabled persons’ disabilities

  • encourage persons who share a relevant protected characteristic to participate in public life or in any other activity in which participation by such persons is disproportionately low

• foster good relations between persons who share a relevant characteristic and persons who do not share it, which means having due regard, in particular, to the need to tackle prejudice and promote understanding between people from diverse groups

Ensuring accessible and inclusive services

Accessible and inclusive by design

MaaS platforms should ensure that the services they provide are inclusive and accessible to all customers. This means that MaaS platforms should be designed with all users in mind, including those who could be adversely impacted by a failure to consider them from the outset such as users with visual impairments, wheelchair users and those who cannot access a mobile device or computer.

We recommend MaaS platform providers proactively identify and engage with users who have protected characteristics that may be adversely impacted by platform design choices.

We recommend MaaS platforms adhere to web content accessibility guidelines and incorporate accessibility features into their interface design, which could include screen reading features, optimised menus and buttons and features that help blind and visually impaired users interact with their device.

We recommend MaaS platform providers test accessibility features with a diverse range of users, including those from groups sharing protected characteristics, throughout the design process.

User needs and preferences

MaaS platforms should not offer passengers inappropriate journeys, such as non-accessible journeys to disabled users. For example, if a taxi or private hire vehicle forms part of the MaaS journey for a disabled passenger, it should be of a type that provides the accessibility required by the specific passenger, so there is no risk that passenger will be left stranded. MaaS platforms should also enable neurodiverse passengers to tailor the journey options presented to them to their needs.

Where passengers, including disabled passengers, need assistance to use a particular mode or to transfer between modes within a MaaS journey (such as the passenger assistance service for disabled people wishing to take a train) or require information on provision within modes (such as wheelchair space availability), this should be factored into the MaaS offer where practicable.

We recommend MaaS platforms consider accessibility needs when suggesting routes. For example, identifying wheelchair-accessible routes and stations, calculating step-free journeys by default and considering the needs of users with visual, audible and non-visible disabilities. The types of data needed to support this are outlined in Data considerations to facilitate MaaS.

Understanding user preferences will likely require the processing of special category data, such as health data. MaaS platforms, transport operators and local authorities need to be aware when they are processing special category data.

We recommend MaaS platforms, transport operators, local authorities or any body responsible for processing data takes due consideration when handling special category data. Further protection or safeguarding processes should be considered for such data due to its sensitive nature.

Ensuring fairness and transparency in MaaS platforms

MaaS platforms may use algorithms to determine which journey options are displayed to the user. There is a risk that the data used to train the algorithm may reflect wider historic or social inequalities. When this is the case, the insights from the tool may produce an outcome that is deemed unfair, prioritising the needs of certain groups over others.

In the case of MaaS platforms, these algorithms could use data mostly or wholly derived from journeys undertaken by a small population size or make biased inferences. This may not be representative of all transport users, such as disabled passengers. This could potentially put some users at risk by not considering accessibility requirements. Appropriate governance structures will be needed to address any concerns and to provide assurance.

We recommend MaaS platform providers use robust product testing processes and data practices to ensure the datasets used in journey planning algorithms are as representative as possible. And also that the algorithms are tested regarding bias and effective governance is established.

Digital inclusion

Transport operators should continue to ensure their services are accessible to all users, including those who are not able to use or access a computer or mobile device. There is a risk that the benefits of MaaS do not reach certain groups, such as:

• those living in rural communities

• those who are not able to use or access a computer or mobile device

• users who do not have their own bank accounts or online banking/payment

• users who rely on community transport services

We recommend MaaS schemes should consider the specific needs of users in rural areas where, for example, internet connectivity could be a barrier to accessing online journey planning.

We recommend community transport services should be integrated as far as possible into MaaS schemes.

We recommend MaaS platforms ensure users have access to different types of offline support if they need assistance with their journey. For example, if they need to request further information or seek compensation.

Functions such as the ability for disabled passengers to report issues and rate their experiences of transport routes could be beneficial. While not responsible for providing physical support to disabled travellers, MaaS platforms are well-placed to provide accurate information about the support available during a journey.

We recommend MaaS platforms provide information so that users can access physical support at stations.

Personal safety

The personal safety of all transport users is important. Some transport users might experience heightened levels of insecurity when travelling and some may feel more at risk when using certain transport modes or undertaking certain journeys. Users may make journey decisions based on the perceived safety of a route. MaaS platforms can help facilitate safer journeys for all users by offering more detailed information about a route to help inform better decision-making.

We recommend that personal safety should be a key consideration for organisations developing MaaS solutions. The journey options presented in a MaaS platform should consider the needs of users disproportionately affected, such as children, older people and women, by offering safe and appropriate routes. For example, allowing the user to plan their journey to select main roads in their preferred routes and the ability to share their live location.

Enabling active and sustainable travel

Introduction

As outlined in our future of mobility: urban strategy principles, government wants new innovations in mobility services to lead the transition to zero emissions and to help reduce congestion through more efficient use of limited road space.  In July 2021, government published the transport decarbonisation plan, the first such plan in the world, which sets the transport sector on the path to net zero by 2050, in line with the Paris Agreement. In this plan, government sets out an ambition for public transport, cycling and walking to be the natural first choice for our daily activities. MaaS platforms can play an important role in encouraging users to take active journeys and choose more sustainable modes of transport.

Helping users make informed choices

MaaS could help to enable sustainable travel by making it easier for the user to access public transport and shared mobility by streamlining journey planning and payment, providing real-time updates, high-quality maps and information on the CO2 savings and health benefits for each form of transport. This could help the user decide when walking or cycling is the best option to reach their destination.

We recommend MaaS platforms provide users with information about the CO2 savings that can be made by walking or cycling, so users can make informed choices about sustainable modes of transport. This information should be displayed to the user in an accessible and easy-to-understand format. We recommend organisations use the DESNZ emission conversion factors to calculate emissions on a per person, per journey basis. Where other methods are used, we encourage organisations to show their workings.

We recommend MaaS platforms display the health benefits of active travel to users, for example, by calculating the calories burned when walking or cycling.

User needs and preferences

How journey options are presented to users in a MaaS platform is also likely to have an impact on their choice of transport. If active travel or sustainable modes are prominent, users may be more likely to choose such options. Providing more detailed information on journey options could better support users to make choices that are more sustainable. MaaS platforms should consider the user interface design of their applications and how the presentation of mode choice, fares and routes may influence how users travel.

We recommend MaaS platforms display active travel choices for routes offered, where appropriate and ensure these options are clearly signposted to users. For users with accessibility needs, platforms should allow users to set their preferences for certain transport modes so only appropriate journey options are displayed.

MaaS platform providers should also be transparent about the way their journey planning algorithms are built and maintained and allow users to have meaningful control over the way in which the algorithm displays results to them, allowing them to make choices including favouring walking and cycling routes, cheaper modes of travel or accessible routes.

We recommend MaaS platforms offer transparency and give users meaningful control over the way in which results are presented to them and allow them to tailor these options to suit their needs and preferences. For example, allowing users to see all journey options or filter out certain travel modes.

Using data to improve services

Building the case for new technologies, business models and policies to be adapted will require robust evidence. Gathering and sharing this evidence with relevant parties, such as local authorities, may help decision-makers and planners to assess the need for change and amend services.

We recommend MaaS platforms collate aggregated and anonymised journey information to understand how customers are using their service and the ways in which improvements can be made, including encouraging users to make more sustainable travel choices.

Data considerations to facilitate MaaS

Introduction

MaaS is a digital, data-driven business model that relies on the ability to access accurate information relating to service timetables, routes, fares and ticketing. For MaaS to work, data-sharing arrangements need to be in place between transport operators and MaaS platform providers, and data should be shared in a timely way and of satisfactory quality to provide the most accurate travel information to the user and enable payment for travel services.

Without sufficient data sharing and data standardisation arrangements in place between MaaS platform providers, transport operators or any bodies responsible for processing data, transport users will be put at a disadvantage due to poorer service provision, less tailored journey planning information and a disjointed user experience where all modes are not represented in the app.

Legislation and relevant strategies

We have already undertaken a number of initiatives to open, share  and digitise relevant data across modes, which can help to facilitate MaaS. This includes the Bus Services Act 2017, which includes open data provisions and ticketing powers that make it easier for passengers to use buses, move between different modes of transport and access timetables, fares, locations and punctuality data. Other data forms, such as accessibility and occupancy, have been provided voluntarily by some operators, making it easier for people to use active, shared and public travel options.

There are also several government strategies that support data standardisation and data sharing. These include but are not limited to the:

• joint rail data action plan

• rail sector deal

• local data action plan

In addition, the national data strategy, published in September 2020, sets out our vision to harness the power of responsible data use to boost productivity, create new businesses and jobs, improve public services, support a fairer society and drive scientific discovery, positioning the UK as the forerunner of the next wave of innovation.

The national data strategy mission 1 policy framework, which was published in November 2021, sets the ambition to unlock the value of data in the economy by improving data availability, access and use, for example, by setting data standards and improving foundations such as data quality.

For transport data more specifically, our forthcoming transport data strategy sets out the vision for how DfT will work with a wide range of partners from transport operators to data innovators to improve the discoverability, accessibility and quality of transport data. The document focuses on improving data standards by creating and maintaining a transport data catalogue and creating a transport data standards expert panel to identify barriers to data interoperability and develop innovative solutions through the promotion, development and implementation of data standards.

Regarding the use of artificial intelligence (AI), the National AI Strategy (2019) sets out the UK vision to be a world-leader and the core pillars that underpin this ambition. Pillar 2 (ensuring AI benefits all sectors and regions) and Pillar 3 (governing AI effectively) will be of relevance to MaaS platform providers, as well as the next steps, such as establishing the AI standards hub.

Finally, organisations that are responsible for processing personal data in the UK must comply with data protection legislation. This is covered below in more detail and in the Consumer protection section.

Modal data standardisation

By improving data quality and data collection processes, better data standardisation can ensure MaaS platforms offer the most suitable journeys to users, taking into account their personal needs. Improved data standardisation could make it easier for new players to enter the MaaS market, creating more transparency, increased flexibility and lower operating costs. Ultimately this could help to accelerate the delivery of MaaS schemes in the UK and lead to better solutions for transport users.

An example of this is NaPTAN, which acts as a single source of information for public transport nodes or more typically stations. This means that public transport journey planners have an open, reliable repository of stop information that is interoperable across multiple other datasets (such as timetables, fares) and modes of transport.

We recommend transport operators and MaaS platform providers make use of the wide range of published national and international standards that are available to support the delivery of mobility services.